Apache HTTP服务器 2.0版本
Apache HTTP服务器 2.0版本
The wise man doesn't give the right answers, he poses the right questions.
-- Claude Levi-Strauss
This chapter is a collection of frequently asked questions (FAQ) and
corresponding answers following the popular USENET tradition. Most of these
questions occured on the Newsgroup comp.infosystems.www.servers.unix or the mod_ssl Support
Mailing List modssl-users@modssl.org. They are collected at this place
to avoid answering the same questions over and over.
Please read this chapter at least once when installing mod_ssl or at least search for your problem here before submitting a problem report to the author.
The mod_ssl v1 package was initially created in April 1998 by Ralf S. Engelschall via porting Ben Laurie's Apache-SSL 1.17 source patches for Apache 1.2.6 to Apache 1.3b6. Because of conflicts with Ben Laurie's development cycle it then was re-assembled from scratch for Apache 1.3.0 by merging the old mod_ssl 1.x with the newer Apache-SSL 1.18. From this point on mod_ssl lived its own life as mod_ssl v2. The first publically released version was mod_ssl 2.0.0 from August 10th, 1998. As of this writing (August 1999) the current mod_ssl version is 2.4.0.
After one year of very active development with over 1000 working hours and over 40 releases mod_ssl reached its current state. The result is an already very clean source base implementing a very rich functionality. The code size increased by a factor of 4 to currently a total of over 10.000 lines of ANSI C consisting of approx. 70% code and 30% code documentation. From the original Apache-SSL code currently approx. 5% is remaining only.
After the US export restrictions for cryptographic software were opened, mod_ssl was integrated into the code base of Apache V2 in 2001.
Yes, mod_ssl is Year 2000 compliant.
Because first mod_ssl internally never stores years as two digits.
Instead it always uses the ANSI C & POSIX numerical data type
time_t type, which on almost all Unix platforms at the moment
is a signed long (usually 32-bits) representing seconds since
epoch of January 1st, 1970, 00:00 UTC. This signed value overflows in
early January 2038 and not in the year 2000. Second, date and time
presentations (for instance the variable ``%{TIME_YEAR}'')
are done with full year value instead of abbreviating to two digits.
Additionally according to a Year 2000 statement from the Apache Group, the Apache webserver is Year 2000 compliant, too. But whether OpenSSL or the underlaying Operating System (either a Unix or Win32 platform) is Year 2000 compliant is a different question which cannot be answered here.
First, let us explain what Wassenaar and its Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies is: This is a international regime, established 1995, to control trade in conventional arms and dual-use goods and technology. It replaced the previous CoCom regime. 33 countries are signatories: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom and United States. For more details look at http://www.wassenaar.org/.
In short: The aim of the Wassenaar Arrangement is to prevent the build up of military capabilities that threaten regional and international security and stability. The Wassenaar Arrangement controls the export of cryptography as a dual-use good, i.e., one that has both military and civilian applications. However, the Wassenaar Arrangement also provides an exemption from export controls for mass-market software and free software.
In the current Wassenaar List of Dual Use Goods and Technologies And
Munitions, under GENERAL SOFTWARE NOTE (GSN)
it says
The Lists do not control "software" which is either: 1. [...] 2. "in
the public domain".
And under DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN
THESE LISTS
one can find the definition: In the public
domain": This means "technology" or "software" which has been made
available without restrictions upon its further dissemination. N.B.
Copyright restrictions do not remove "technology" or "software" from being
"in the public domain".
So, both mod_ssl and OpenSSL are in the public domain
for the purposes
of the Wassenaar Agreement and its List of Dual Use Goods and
Technologies And Munitions List
.
So, mod_ssl and OpenSSL are not affected by the Wassenaar Agreement.
There can be a lot of reasons why a core dump can occur, of course.
Ranging from buggy third-party modules, over buggy vendor libraries up to
a buggy mod_ssl version. But the above situation is often caused by old or
broken vendor DBM libraries. To solve it either build mod_ssl with the
built-in SDBM library (specify --enable-rule=SSL_SDBM at the
APACI command line) or switch from SSLSessionCache dbm: to the
newer SSLSessionCache shm:'' variant (after you have rebuilt
Apache with MM, of course).
When you receive entries like ``mod_ssl: Child could not open
SSLMutex lockfile /opt/apache/logs/ssl_mutex.18332 (System error follows)
[...] System: Permission denied (errno: 13)'' this is usually
caused by to restrictive permissions on the parent directories.
Make sure that all parent directories (here /opt,
/opt/apache and /opt/apache/logs) have the x-bit
set at least for the UID under which Apache's children are running (see
the User directive of Apache).
The additional 1MB are caused by the global shared memory pool Apache
allocates for all modules and which is not used by mod_ssl for
various reasons. So the actually allocated shared memory is always
1MB more than what you specify on SSLSessionCache.
But don't be confused by the display of `top': although is
indicates that each process grow, this is not reality, of
course. Instead the additional memory consumption is shared by
all processes, i.e. the 1.5MB are allocated only once per Apache
instance and not once per Apache server process.
Cryptographic software needs a source of unpredictable data
to work correctly. Many open source operating systems provide
a "randomness device" that serves this purpose (usually named
/dev/random). On other systems, applications have to
seed the OpenSSL Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG) manually with
appropriate data before generating keys or performing public key
encryption. As of version 0.9.5, the OpenSSL functions that need
randomness report an error if the PRNG has not been seeded with
at least 128 bits of randomness. So mod_ssl has to provide enough
entropy to the PRNG to work correctly. For this one has to use the
SSLRandomSeed directives.
SSL_XXX variables missing?Yes, HTTP and HTTPS use different server ports, so there is no direct conflict between them. Either run two separate server instances (one binds to port 80, the other to port 443) or even use Apache's elegant virtual hosting facility where you can easily create two virtual servers which Apache dispatches: one responding to port 80 and speaking HTTP and one responding to port 443 speaking HTTPS.
You can run HTTPS on any port, but the standards specify port 443, which
is where any HTTPS compliant browser will look by default. You can force
your browser to look on a different port by specifying it in the URL like
this (for port 666): https://secure.server.dom:666/
While you usually just use
$ telnet localhost 80
GET / HTTP/1.0
for simple testing the HTTP protocol of Apache, it's not so easy for
HTTPS because of the SSL protocol between TCP and HTTP. But with the
help of OpenSSL's s_client command you can do a similar
check even for HTTPS:
$ openssl s_client -connect localhost:443 -state -debug
GET / HTTP/1.0
Before the actual HTTP response you receive detailed information about the SSL handshake. For a more general command line client which directly understands both the HTTP and HTTPS scheme, can perform GET and POST methods, can use a proxy, supports byte ranges, etc. you should have a look at nifty cURL tool. With it you can directly check if your Apache is running fine on Port 80 and 443 as following:
$ curl http://localhost/
$ curl https://localhost/
Because you connected with HTTP to the HTTPS port, i.e. you used an URL of
the form ``http://'' instead of ``https://''.
This also happens the other way round when you connect via HTTPS to a HTTP
port, i.e. when you try to use ``https://'' on a server that
doesn't support SSL (on this port). Make sure you are connecting to a
virtual server that supports SSL, which is probably the IP associated with
your hostname, not localhost (127.0.0.1).
There can be various reasons. Some of the common mistakes is that people
start Apache with just ``apachectl start'' (or
``httpd'') instead of ``apachectl startssl'' (or
``httpd -DSSL''. Or you're configuration is not correct. At
least make sure that your Listen
directives match your <VirtualHost>
directives. And if all fails, please do yourself a favor and start over with the
default configuration mod_ssl provides you.
SSL_XXX variables do not exist. Why?Just make sure you have ``SSLOptions +StdEnvVars''
enabled for the context of your CGI/SSI requests.
Usually you have to use fully-qualified hyperlinks because you have to change the URL scheme. But with the help of some URL manipulations through mod_rewrite you can achieve the same effect while you still can use relative URLs:
RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule ^/(.*):SSL$ https://%{SERVER_NAME}/$1 [R,L]
RewriteRule ^/(.*):NOSSL$ http://%{SERVER_NAME}/$1 [R,L]
This rewrite ruleset lets you use hyperlinks of the form
<a href="document.html:SSL">
The RSA private key file is a digital file that you can use to decrypt messages sent to you. It has a public component which you distribute (via your Certificate file) which allows people to encrypt those messages to you. A Certificate Signing Request (CSR) is a digital file which contains your public key and your name. You send the CSR to a Certifying Authority (CA) to be converted into a real Certificate. A Certificate contains your RSA public key, your name, the name of the CA, and is digitally signed by your CA. Browsers that know the CA can verify the signature on that Certificate, thereby obtaining your RSA public key. That enables them to send messages which only you can decrypt. See the Introduction chapter for a general description of the SSL protocol.
Yes, in general, starting Apache with a built-in mod_ssl is just like starting an unencumbered Apache, except for the fact that when you have a pass phrase on your SSL private key file. Then a startup dialog pops up asking you to enter the pass phrase.
To type in the pass phrase manually when starting the server can be problematic, for instance when starting the server from the system boot scripts. As an alternative to this situation you can follow the steps below under ``How can I get rid of the pass-phrase dialog at Apache startup time?''.
Here is a step-by-step description:
PATH.
But some commands even work ok when you just run the
``openssl'' program from within the OpenSSL source tree as
``./apps/openssl''.$ openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 1024server.key file and remember the
pass-phrase you had to enter at a secure location.
You can see the details of this RSA private key via the command:$ openssl rsa -noout -text -in server.key$ openssl rsa -in server.key -out server.key.unsecure$ openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csrhttps://www.foo.dom/, enter "www.foo.dom" here.
You can see the details of this CSR via the command$ openssl req -noout -text -in server.csr$ openssl x509 -noout -text -in server.crtserver.key and
server.crt. These now can be used as following inside your
Apache's httpd.conf file:
SSLCertificateFile /path/to/this/server.crt
SSLCertificateKeyFile /path/to/this/server.key
The server.csr file is no longer needed.
The short answer is to use the CA.sh or CA.pl
script provided by OpenSSL. The long and manual answer is this:
$ openssl genrsa -des3 -out ca.key 1024ca.key file and remember the
pass-phrase you currently entered at a secure location.
You can see the details of this RSA private key via the command$ openssl rsa -noout -text -in ca.key$ openssl rsa -in ca.key -out ca.key.unsecure$ openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -key ca.key -out ca.crt$ openssl x509 -noout -text -in ca.crtopenssl ca'' command has some strange requirements
and the default OpenSSL config doesn't allow one easily to use
``openssl ca'' directly. So a script named
sign.sh is distributed with the mod_ssl distribution
(subdir pkg.contrib/). Use this script for signing.
server.csr at hand):$ ./sign.sh server.csrserver.crt file.You simply have to read it with the old pass-phrase and write it again by specifying the new pass-phrase. You can accomplish this with the following commands:
$ openssl rsa -des3 -in server.key -out server.key.new
$ mv server.key.new server.key
Here you're asked two times for a PEM pass-phrase. At the first prompt enter the old pass-phrase and at the second prompt enter the new pass-phrase.
The reason why this dialog pops up at startup and every re-start is that the RSA private key inside your server.key file is stored in encrypted format for security reasons. The pass-phrase is needed to be able to read and parse this file. When you can be sure that your server is secure enough you perform two steps:
$ cp server.key server.key.org$ openssl rsa -in server.key.org -out server.key$ chmod 400 server.keyNow server.key will contain an unencrypted copy of the key.
If you point your server at this file it will not prompt you for a
pass-phrase. HOWEVER, if anyone gets this key they will be able to
impersonate you on the net. PLEASE make sure that the permissions on that
file are really such that only root or the web server user can read it
(preferably get your web server to start as root but run as another
server, and have the key readable only by root).
As an alternative approach you can use the ``SSLPassPhraseDialog
exec:/path/to/program'' facility. But keep in mind that this is
neither more nor less secure, of course.
The private key contains a series of numbers. Two of those numbers form the "public key", the others are part of your "private key". The "public key" bits are also embedded in your Certificate (we get them from your CSR). To check that the public key in your cert matches the public portion of your private key, you need to view the cert and the key and compare the numbers. To view the Certificate and the key run the commands:
$ openssl x509 -noout -text -in server.crt
$ openssl rsa -noout -text -in server.key
The `modulus' and the `public exponent' portions in the key and the Certificate must match. But since the public exponent is usually 65537 and it's bothering comparing long modulus you can use the following approach:
$ openssl x509 -noout -modulus -in server.crt | openssl md5
$ openssl rsa -noout -modulus -in server.key | openssl md5
And then compare these really shorter numbers. With overwhelming probability they will differ if the keys are different. BTW, if I want to check to which key or certificate a particular CSR belongs you can compute
$ openssl req -noout -modulus -in server.csr | openssl md5
Usually when you see errors like OpenSSL: error:14094412: SSL
routines:SSL3_READ_BYTES:sslv3 alert bad certificate in the SSL
logfile, this means that the browser was unable to handle the server
certificate/private-key which perhaps contain a RSA-key not equal to 1024
bits. For instance Netscape Navigator 3.x is one of those browsers.
The private key sizes for SSL must be either 512 or 1024 for compatibility with certain web browsers. A keysize of 1024 bits is recommended because keys larger than 1024 bits are incompatible with some versions of Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer, and with other browsers that use RSA's BSAFE cryptography toolkit.
The CA certificates under the path you configured with
SSLCACertificatePath are found by SSLeay through hash
symlinks. These hash values are generated by the `openssl x509 -noout
-hash' command. But the algorithm used to calculate the hash for a
certificate has changed between SSLeay 0.8 and 0.9. So you have to remove
all old hash symlinks and re-create new ones after upgrading. Use the
Makefile mod_ssl placed into this directory.
The default certificate format for SSLeay/OpenSSL is PEM, which actually
is Base64 encoded DER with header and footer lines. For some applications
(e.g. Microsoft Internet Explorer) you need the certificate in plain DER
format. You can convert a PEM file cert.pem into the
corresponding DER file cert.der with the following command:
$ openssl x509 -in cert.pem -out cert.der -outform DER
getca nor getverisign programs Verisign mentions?This is because Verisign has never provided specific instructions
for Apache+mod_ssl. Rather they tell you what you should do
if you were using C2Net's Stronghold (a commercial Apache
based server with SSL support). The only thing you have to do
is to save the certificate into a file and give the name of
that file to the SSLCertificateFile directive.
Remember that you need to give the key file in as well (see
SSLCertificateKeyFile directive). For a better
CA-related overview on SSL certificate fiddling you can look at Thawte's mod_ssl instructions.
Yes, mod_ssl since version 2.1 supports the SGC facility. You don't have
to configure anything special for this, just use a Global ID as your
server certificate. The step up of the clients are then
automatically handled by mod_ssl under run-time. For details please read
the README.GlobalID document in the mod_ssl distribution.
That is because Verisign uses an intermediate CA certificate between
the root CA certificate (which is installed in the browsers) and
the server certificate (which you installed in the server). You
should have received this additional CA certificate from Verisign.
If not, complain to them. Then configure this certificate with the
SSLCertificateChainFile directive in the server. This
makes sure the intermediate CA certificate is send to the browser
and this way fills the gap in the certificate chain.
There can be a number of reasons for this, but the main one
is problems with the SSL session Cache specified by the
SSLSessionCache directive. The DBM session
cache is most likely the source of the problem, so trying the SHM session cache or
no cache at all may help.
Because SSL uses strong cryptographic encryption and this needs a lot of number crunching. And because when you request a webpage via HTTPS even the images are transfered encrypted. So, when you have a lot of HTTPS traffic the load increases.
Usually this is caused by using a /dev/random device for
SSLRandomSeed which is blocking in read(2) calls if not
enough entropy is available. Read more about this problem in the refernce
chapter under SSLRandomSeed.
Usually just all SSL ciphers which are supported by the version of OpenSSL in use (can depend on the way you built OpenSSL). Typically this at least includes the following:
To determine the actual list of supported ciphers you can run the following command:
$ openssl ciphers -v
In order to use Anonymous Diffie-Hellman (ADH) ciphers, it is not enough
to just put ``ADH'' into your SSLCipherSuite.
Additionally you have to build OpenSSL with
``-DSSL_ALLOW_ADH''. Because per default OpenSSL does not
allow ADH ciphers for security reasons. So if you are actually enabling
these ciphers make sure you are informed about the side-effects.
Either you have messed up your SSLCipherSuite
directive (compare it with the pre-configured example in
httpd.conf-dist) or you have choosen the DSA/DH
algorithms instead of RSA when you generated your private key
and ignored or overlooked the warnings. If you have choosen
DSA/DH, then your server no longer speaks RSA-based SSL ciphers
(at least not until you also configure an additional RSA-based
certificate/key pair). But current browsers like NS or IE only speak
RSA ciphers. The result is the "no shared ciphers" error. To fix
this, regenerate your server certificate/key pair and this time
choose the RSA algorithm.
The reason is very technical. Actually it's some sort of a chicken and
egg problem: The SSL protocol layer stays below the HTTP protocol layer
and encapsulates HTTP. When an SSL connection (HTTPS) is established
Apache/mod_ssl has to negotiate the SSL protocol parameters with the
client. For this mod_ssl has to consult the configuration of the virtual
server (for instance it has to look for the cipher suite, the server
certificate, etc.). But in order to dispatch to the correct virtual server
Apache has to know the Host HTTP header field. For this the
HTTP request header has to be read. This cannot be done before the SSL
handshake is finished. But the information is already needed at the SSL
handshake phase. Bingo!
Name-Based Virtual Hosting is a very popular method of identifying different virtual hosts. It allows you to use the same IP address and the same port number for many different sites. When people move on to SSL, it seems natural to assume that the same method can be used to have lots of different SSL virtual hosts on the same server.
It comes as rather a shock to learn that it is impossible.
The reason is that the SSL protocol is a separate layer which encapsulates the HTTP protocol. So the problem is that the SSL session is a separate transaction that takes place before the HTTP session even starts. Therefore all the server receives is an SSL request on IP address X and port Y (usually 443). Since the SSL request does not contain any Host: field, the server has no way to decide which SSL virtual host to use. Usually, it will just use the first one it finds that matches the port and IP address.
You can, of course, use Name-Based Virtual Hosting to identify many non-SSL virtual hosts (all on port 80, for example) and then you can have no more than 1 SSL virtual host (on port 443). But if you do this, you must make sure to put the non-SSL port number on the NameVirtualHost directive, e.g.
NameVirtualHost 192.168.1.1:80
Other workaround solutions are:
Use separate IP addresses for different SSL hosts. Use different port numbers for different SSL hosts.
No, the username/password is already transmitted encrypted. The icon in Netscape browsers is just not really synchronized with the SSL/TLS layer (it toggles to the locked state when the first part of the actual webpage data is transferred which is not quite correct) and this way confuses people. The Basic Authentication facility is part of the HTTP layer and this layer is above the SSL/TLS layer in HTTPS. And before any HTTP data communication takes place in HTTPS the SSL/TLS layer has already done the handshake phase and switched to encrypted communication. So, don't get confused by this icon.
The first reason is that the SSL implementation in some MSIE versions has some subtle bugs related to the HTTP keep-alive facility and the SSL close notify alerts on socket connection close. Additionally the interaction between SSL and HTTP/1.1 features are problematic with some MSIE versions, too. You've to work-around these problems by forcing Apache+mod_ssl+OpenSSL to not use HTTP/1.1, keep-alive connections or sending the SSL close notify messages to MSIE clients. This can be done by using the following directive in your SSL-aware virtual host section:
SetEnvIf User-Agent ".*MSIE.*" \
nokeepalive ssl-unclean-shutdown \
downgrade-1.0 force-response-1.0
Additionally it is known some MSIE versions have also problems
with particular ciphers. Unfortunately one cannot workaround these
bugs only for those MSIE particular clients, because the ciphers
are already used in the SSL handshake phase. So a MSIE-specific
SetEnvIf doesn't work
to solve these problems. Instead one has to do more drastic
adjustments to the global parameters. But before you decide to do
this, make sure your clients really have problems. If not, do not
do this, because it affects all(!) your clients, i.e., also your
non-MSIE clients.
The next problem is that 56bit export versions of MSIE 5.x browsers have a broken SSLv3 implementation which badly interacts with OpenSSL versions greater than 0.9.4. You can either accept this and force your clients to upgrade their browsers, or you downgrade to OpenSSL 0.9.4 (hmmm), or you can decide to workaround it by accepting the drawback that your workaround will horribly affect also other browsers:
SSLProtocol all -SSLv3
This completely disables the SSLv3 protocol and lets those browsers work. But usually this is an even less acceptable workaround. A more reasonable workaround is to address the problem more closely and disable only the ciphers which cause trouble.
SSLCipherSuite
ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP
This also lets the broken MSIE versions work, but only removes the newer 56bit TLS ciphers.
Another problem with MSIE 5.x clients is that they refuse to connect to
URLs of the form https://12.34.56.78/ (IP-addresses are used
instead of the hostname), if the server is using the Server Gated
Cryptography (SGC) facility. This can only be avoided by using the fully
qualified domain name (FQDN) of the website in hyperlinks instead, because
MSIE 5.x has an error in the way it handles the SGC negotiation.
And finally there are versions of MSIE which seem to require that
an SSL session can be reused (a totally non standard-conforming
behaviour, of course). Connection with those MSIE versions only work
if a SSL session cache is used. So, as a work-around, make sure you
are using a session cache (see SSLSessionCache directive).
The problem usually is that you had created a new server certificate with the same DN, but you had told your browser to accept forever the old server certificate. Once you clear the entry in your browser for the old certificate, everything usually will work fine. Netscape's SSL implementation is correct, so when you encounter I/O errors with Netscape Navigator it is most of the time caused by the configured certificates.
The following information resources are available. In case of problems you should search here first.
The following lists all support possibilities for mod_ssl, in order of preference, i.e. start in this order and do not pick the support possibility you just like most, please.
You have to at least always provide the following information:
httpd -v''. The OpenSSL version can be
determined by running ``openssl version''. Alternatively when
you have Lynx installed you can run the command ``lynx -mime_header
http://localhost/ | grep Server'' to determine all information in a
single step.
configure command line you used.
In general no, at least not unless you provide more details about the code location where Apache dumped core. What is usually always required in order to help you is a backtrace (see next question). Without this information it is mostly impossible to find the problem and help you in fixing it.
Follow the following steps:
OPTIM="-g -ggdb3"'' to achieve this. On
other platforms at least ``OPTIM="-g"'' is needed.
CoreDumpDirectory /tmp'' to
make sure that the core-dump file can be written. You then should get a
/tmp/core or /tmp/httpd.core file. When you
don't get this, try to run your server under an UID != 0 (root), because
most "current" kernels do not allow a process to dump core after it has
done a setuid() (unless it does an exec()) for
security reasons (there can be privileged information left over in
memory). Additionally you can run ``/path/to/httpd -X''
manually to force Apache to not fork.
gdb /path/to/httpd
/tmp/httpd.core or a similar command has to run. In GDB you then
just have to enter the bt command and, voila, you get the
backtrace. For other debuggers consult your local debugger manual. Send
this backtrace to the author.